Which building has held the tallest building in the world title for the longest time?

Göbleki Tepe held the record for over 8000 years, but it was only a tell - a type of mound grown as a result of re-building over existing decayed structures, so it cannot properly be called a building as it didn't really serve a purpose but rather grew as a side effect.

For a true building, the pyramid of Giza, holding the record for 3871 years from 2560 BCE to 1311 AD, is the undisputed longest (and will remain so for at least another 3868 years!)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell

Tallest building (not structure, pyramid, etc.):

The Empire State Building, in New York City, New York, held the title of world's tallest building for the longest time (42 years), from 1931 (its completion) until 1973. It is 1,454 feet tall at the tip of its lightning rod on top of its broadcast antenna.

In 1973,the Sears Tower(renamed Willis Tower)was completed, and was 1,730 feet tall at the tip of its broadcast antenna. It became the tallest building in the world at this time through 1998.

http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/11/us/empire-state-building-fast-facts/index.html
http://www.willistower.com/building-information/history-and-facts

Lincoln Cathedral
238 years (1311–1549)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral